They are central components for different types of systems. Microcontrollers are central components to embedded systems while microprocessors are central to computer systems. This means microprocessors are more complex because embedded systems are specialized and reliant on other systems to operate while computer systems can operate on their own.
Systems that produce an output after they receive an input within a reasonable timeframe. If the output must be produced within a very short timeframe to avoid drastic consequences, these are hard real-time systems. If the timeframe can be longer without causing consequences, these are soft real-time systems.
Control systems produce specific outputs based on the given input. They change outputs so that they correspond with the specific input they are given. An example is the traffic light system, when the traffic light system is signaled to stop cars (specific input), the red light gets switched on (specific output matching input).
Intelligent tutoring systems help students strengthen their skills and knowledge to a point of mastery by fostering complex learning processes in the students. These systems employ artificially intelligent algorithms which can adapt to students at a precise level.